Misconception of Black Metal Music free essay sample

::Misconception of Black Metal Music:: Content Chapter 1: 1. 1 – Introduction 1. 2 – Background 1. 3 – Rational 1. 4 – Scope Chapter 2: 2. 1 – Definition 2. 2 – Historical Background 2. 3 – Characteristics Chapter 3: 3. 1 – Black Metal in Malaysia 3. 2 – Issues on Black Metal Music 3. 3 – Black Metal Bands Chapter 4: 4. 1 – Interviews 4. 2 – QA 4. 3 – Analysis and Conclusion Chapter 5: 5. 1 – Islamic Point Of View 5. 2 – Current Issues Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion References Bibliography ::Definition:: Black metal = a subgenre of heavy metal music that uses screamed lyrics, fast guitar playing and drumming, and heavily distorted music with a focus on satanic imagery and occult themes. Misconception = A mistaken thought, idea, or notion; a misunderstanding. = an incorrect conception. Misconception of black metal music means a mistaken thought, idea or notion about a subgenre of heavy metal music that uses screamed lyrics, fast guitar playing and drumming, and heavily distorted music with a focus on satanic imagery and occult themes. ::Introduction:: Black Metal? Demon Worship? Black Sheep? Maybe that is what crosses the minds of people when they hear about black metal. We will write a custom essay sample on Misconception of Black Metal Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But how many people actually know where black metal originated and how was the original music in black metal itself. And you must know what is happening to the youth of Malaysia that are so obsessed with black metal that it makes them do absurd things that goes against so many morals. Let us look into the history of black metal and find out what exactly is clouding the minds of the youth. Black metal did not come from thin air. It is actually a sub-genre of the usually heavy metal music. Usually black metal music contains the sounds of heavy guitar distortion and played with enormous speed, high-pitch screaming vocals and fast skillful drumming. The lyrics are mostly based on anti-Christian and also involve occult themes. From the image, in the beginning, black metal bands prefer to portray a â€Å"dead paint† look, a type of makeup that is black and white based colors to show their themes. ::History:: In the early 80s, black metal bands can be said started out in the areas like Norway, Scandinavia, Finland and so forth. The person who is most responsible for starting the black metal scene is no other than Oystein Aarseth(Euronymous), the guitarist for Mayhem. He can be said to be the father of black metal music. The black metal scene there is really anti-Christian, and their main motive is to expel Christianity and other non-Scandinavian religion from the people of Norway. The motive, can be said, is being fulfilled by one group called ‘Inner Circle’ that is led by Aarseth himself and a few of his close friends and was formed in the basement of Aarseth music store, Helvete. The store also acts as a recording studio where Mayhem and few other bands conquer the black metal scene under Aarseth independent label called Deathlike Silence Productions. Deathlike Silence’s goal was to produce albums for bands that â€Å"incarnated evil in its most pure state. † Also around this time, there was a rash of arsons directed at Christian churches in Norway that Aarseths circle claimed responsibility for inspiring, if not necessarily perpetrating. The most unforgettable church was the Fantoft church that was burned the ‘Inner Circle’. There were a few who started to threaten and terrorize death metal bands that were touring their country or neighboring country with the excuse of their â€Å"lack of evilness†. In 1990, black metal scene started to gain major mass media publicity when Mayhems frontman, Dead, killed himself by a shotgun blast to his head and only leaving a note that said â€Å"Excuse all the blood†. His body then was found by Aarseth himself, who instead of calling the police, he went to a convenience store and bought a disposable camera and took pictures of the dead body for the future Mayhem album cover ‘Dawn of the Black Hearts’. writing services reddit There are also reports stating that band members took some pieces of Dead’s splattered brain and made stew out of them and others took bone fragment from Dead’s skull and made necklaces out of them. ‘Inner Circle’ again got the media’s attention when Vikerness (Burzum) brutally killed Aarseth by stabbing him 23 times at the head. The reasons for the murder are not entirely clear, but it was mainly because of ideological differences and a power struggle between Vikernes and Aarseth. Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison and since then distanced himself from the black metal movement, becoming involved in the Neo-Nazi movement and writing extensively on the subject. Many credit Vikernes professed beliefs as contributing to the rise of National Socialist black metal. The last few years in the 1990s, the black metal scene became more low profile and had lost much of the violence that had been portrayed in the early days of the scene, came Dimmu Borgir that used classical music arrangement. From music that was hard to accept at first, Dimmu Borgir manages to bring up the black metal scene to a level where the music is able to attract more people. However, in the mid 90s, black metal scene in East Europe has been developing. Bands from ex-Soviet countries made records that are more in keeping original style of the early Norway bands. The lyrics are more remembering the past glory of their mother country. In Russia and Ukraine, the scene is more prone to metal-Scandinavia. ::Sub-genre:: Battle metal (Bal-Sagoth, Mortiss) Celtic metal (Cruachan, Geasa) Folk metal (Skyclad, Cruachan, Waylender) Medieval metal (Satyricon, Borknagar) Melodic black metal (Abyssos, Cradle of Filth, Dimmu Borgir) Nazi black metal (Burzum, Thors Hammer, Kataxu) Symphonic black metal (Cradle of Filth, Emperor) Tolkien metal (Isengard, Summoning) Troll metal (Arckanum, Mortiis) Vampyric black metal (Cradle of Filth) Viking metal (Bathory,Vintersorg, Enslaved) ::Characteristics:: Black metal characteristics include the following: †¢ Fast guitars with tremolo picking. †¢ Lyrics that take the form of Satanic, Pagan, or occult themes which blaspheme Christianity. Bands such as Slayer, Landser, Deicide, Deaths Head, and Immolation overlap lyrically with black metal somewhat, but are musically defined as death metal (Immolation, Deicide), thrash metal (Deaths Head, Slayer), or Rock Against Communism (RAC) (Landser, Intimidation One). †¢ Relatively thin guitar sound or relatively thick guitar sound, usually not in the middle. †¢ Limited production used intentionally as a statement against mainstream music and/or to reflect the mood of the music. †¢ Fast, aggressive drums, often with blast beat. At other times, the drums can take a slower role usually accompanied by a very dry and empty tone — especially for the effect of the atmosphere of the music. †¢ Occasional electronic keyboard use. The violin, organ, and choir settings are most common, which gives the music an orchestral feel or a cathedral-like setting. Some bands tend to use keyboards very frequently, whether it be as an instrument or even as the basis of their entire sound. They are generally placed under the symphonic black metal label. †¢ High-pitched/distorted screeching vocals †¢ Swift percussion Cold, dark, sad, melancholy or gloomy atmosphere. An abraded, very low fidelity recording style is common in most black metal. Modern evolution of many of the older genre leading bands have had a vast change in sound, and by manyand most of the times, even the bandare no longer considered Black Metal. Such examples include Mayhems career that began mostly in the Death/Black roots, moved to almost pure black, then towards Death again in their later career. Also, Satyricon who started off as Black Metal but now play a very industrial heavy hybrid of the music. Modern offshoots of this original black metal sound have incorporated atmospheric elements using ambient guitar and keyboard passages such as organ sounds or other miscellaneous instruments. A distinct (but not intrinsic) feature of the black metal is the use of corpse paint, a special kind of black and white make-up which was used to make the wearer look like a decomposing corpse or plague victim. It should be noted that Immortal referred to their make-up as war paint, not carrying the same connotation as corpse paint. This, along with an almost universal use of more or less creative stage names, also helps in hiding the wearers identity. Another distinct feature of Black Metal is the use of monikers used for the most part to conceal the identity. Examples of this are; Quorthon (Bathory), Darken, Euronymous (Mayhem), Goat, Count Grishnackh (Burzum), Fenriz (Darkthrone), Nergal, Inferno (Behemoth), Zephyrous, Frost, Abbath, Demonaz, Horgh, Iscariah, Hellhammer (Mayhem), Maniac (Mayhem), Necrobutcher (Mayhem), Blasphemer (Mayhem), Dead (Mayhem), Hoest, Ihsahn (Emperor), Samoth (Emperor), Faust (Emperor), Trym (Emperor), Nattefrost(Carpathian Forest), Nordavind and Tchort (Emperor), Malefic (Xasthur), Wrest (Leviathan) to name a few. Earlier bands tended to dwell on themes of fantasy, mythology, and folklore in their songs, as well as Satanism, darkness, evil, and so on as many of their direct musical and cultural roots included these topics. For me, I prefer melodic and symphonic black metal because the music is more melodious and tranquil. For Malaysia and Singapore, some of the famous black metal is Sil Khannaz, As-Sahar, Nosferiel, Impiety and many more. From what I see in Malaysia black metal scene is just fine not extraordinary, only when they are performing, showmanship of black metal is being portrayed. :Black Metal in Malaysia:: Black metal started to emerged in Malaysia in the late 90s. At that time, they were not as active as they now. They were more interested in expressing their feelings through black metal music. Their main activities were to create music, attend and perform at black metal gigs and just hang out with friends. They always try to attract more people to join black metal. The black meta l scene was mainly focused in Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Kedah. They usually wear all black clothing, t-shirt with pentagrams on them, makeup to look more deathlike and accessories. During this time their main influences were Slayer, Cradle of Filth, Children of Bodom, Dimmu Borgir, Testament and Fear Factory. In the new millennium, the black metal scene in Malaysia evolved to be more violent in keeping to the older generation of black metal from the western culture which strongly encourages â€Å"incarnated evil in its most pure state†. In attempt to follow the western culture of black metal which were anti-Christian, youths of Malaysia got out of track from the main concept of black metal. In developed Asian countries like Japan, music is valued and appreciation of music is encouraged by the family institution. Music is also an important part of the community and it often serves as a lens to the state of a society here now. Film, music, and literature of independent nature here often serve as an extension of creative traditions from the grassroots and can provide us not only with an insight into young Malaysia but can also share with us the multi-cultural impact of the past and give us a greater understanding of the present. To anyone overwhelmed in the wake of the events, perhaps it should serve as reassurance and comfort in itself that a genuine love for music and the arts should outlast media demonisation and authoritarian muscle flexing. If there have been complaints that local independent music lack substance, perhaps this is the perfect time for self-improvement – to inject that little bit of satire, critique and message in the music. And if there was never really a reason for young urbanites to really stand up for their rights, perhaps now there is. The events following the New Year’s Eve raid is a wake-up call for the creative community to band together. New Year’s Eve celebrations taking place everywhere in Malaysia. But for the 380 mostly young people detained at the Brickfields police station in Kuala Lumpur, the festivities was cut short when they were arrested at the venue of a gig in Jalan Klang Lama in Kuala Lumpur that night and carted to the station in police trucks for alleged â€Å"black metal† involvement, illegal gathering and other unfounded charges. Despite being hushed and shepherded like convicts, the group simply continued their New Year celebrations when the countdown came at midnight. These were the children of suburban middle-class families. If the police and their media cohorts came looking for the black metal bogeyman, they had come to the wrong gig. With private college students, members of the workforce and practising lawyers among the detained, they had messed with the wrong people. The generalisation of â€Å"black metal† itself is a lazy exercise of scapegoat labelling, a cruel generalisation of an alleged sub-culture of hedonism and â€Å"Satanic† practices, a Loch Ness monster the tabloids created with accusatory, non-researched articles and vague, unsolicited photographs of youths gathering at random concerts and music showcases. To echo just a few heartfelt conclusions made by observers, it takes little more than common sense and a high school education to see music for what it is. Music is music. If media, authoritative or religious gatekeepers are so fearful of its influence on our young, then perhaps it says much about these parties’ own insecurities. Perhaps the mainstream tabloids in question feel it within their power to seek out a scapegoat for their own shortcomings, to make up for their own laziness, their own failure to keep up with the times. It has always been human nature to be afraid of and to demonise something they do not understand. Music in Malaysia has always been kept in check sufficiently to be no more than cultural expression and a healthy outlet for the younger generation. Yet how frequently and persistently it is misunderstood is frightening: A bunch of confused adults is a lot scarier than a bunch of confused youth. ::Interviews:: 1. When did you start joining black metal music? I started joining around the year 1999. 2. What interest you in joining black metal music? I was amazed with the uniqueness of the classical and blues progression being join together which is by the way is the basic of black metal music. 3. How did you find out about black metal music? Through friends. 4. What are your influences in black metal music? Mostly I would listen to Dimmu Borgir. It’s a band from Europe. They were very unique when it comes to putting those two previous progressions together. 5. How do you define black metal music in your own words? To me, black metal music is one of the ways for each and every individual to express their feelings or passing a message through their own ways. 6. What is your opinion about black metal music? There’s nothing wrong with it. 7. How do you differentiate between black metal and other music genre? Like what I’ve stated in the previous question, black metal music is the result from the combination of blues and classical progression. On top of that, the lyrics would be evolving around the story of anger towards the destruction and chaos that has been produced by mankind itself. 8. What kind of activities do you usually do? I would spend my luxury time understanding the beauty and the magical of music. Most of the time I would put it down on writing and produce a new song for my own band. 9. What do you think about the black metal scene in Malaysia? It was sad. We were wrongly accused by the people who don’t even know what they’re talking about. The worst part is, the rest of the country just agrees without questioning. 10. What are the certain issues about black metal that you know? I’ve heard about the satanic ritual that has been going around for years. 11. What is your opinion about it? You can’t put the blame of those cases on the black metal music. 12. Why do you say so? Well for one, it has nothing to do with the black metal music and never even once that we had done our music or performance involving religion or devil worshiping. 3. What do you think about the government banning black metal? I think it’s a very narrow ways of thinking that would result to that type of decision. 14. In your opinion, why did it come out? The government is referring to the people with conservative minded in making their decision. 15. Would you still join black metal even though the government banned it? The black meta l music is not a group of people that go around and destroy everything in their path. It’s not even a community. It’s just a type of music that is being followed by certain types of people. So I will keep doing what I do best and that is producing the music that I love. 16. How do you feel about people’s perception or point of view towards black metal? I would strongly urge the people to open their mind and accept the evolution of time. Just like what the previous generation did. 17. What would you say to society to change their perceptive towards black metal? 1. Have you heard of black metal before? Yes, I have. 2. Where? From friends, newspaper, news, radio, magazine, etc. It’s all over the country. 3. What was your opinion about black metal? I think it’s quite interesting because it’s different from others. 4. Is black metal against the law or not? I don’t think so. They’re not doing anything wrong. 5. Do you know anyone who is black metal? Yes, I do. 6. What is your opinion about them? They are kind of cool when you get to know them better. 7. In your opinion, what has black metal influenced our country? It gives a bad example to the teenagers. 8. How do you define black metal? I think black metal is just another music genre. 9. Are you interested in knowing more about black metal music? No, I don’t. 10. How do you feel about the government banning black metal? Awful. 11. Why? The government don’t really understand black metal, I guess. Malaysia`s highest Islamic authority banned Muslims from taking part in a satanic heavy cult calling the musical genre un-islamic. The National Fatwa Council issued the religious decree against the black metal cult, citing practices in which members stamp on the holy Al-Quran, drink alcohol and freely engage in sex. Problems arose when followers of the movement engaged in the devil worship and free sex, drank liquor, stepped on the Al-Quran religious book or other un-islamic acts. Black metal, offshoot of heavy metal music, is known for its satanic or pagan influences and occult imagery. The music gained notoriety in Malaysia in 2001 after a series of media exposes on young black metal fans, including lurid stories about ritualistic practices such as drinking blood. Malaysia is always on the lookout for what it calls deviant sects which veer from islam, and authorities are sensitive about cultural or social influences that may affect Islamic religious practice. Black metal culture has been declared as a deviation from Islamic teachings and found practicing could be penalized under Islamic syariah law Black metal a form of music which often led its followers to worship Satan, to rebel, kill and incite hatred and irreligion. Black metal culture is totally against the syariat and could lead its followers to being murtad or apostate. Black metal culture influenced its followers to perform controversial rituals such as drinking one`s blood mixed with goat blood and burning the Al-Quran. When a Muslims burns the Al-Quran, His action could be considered as murtad.

Business plan for creating online business expansion selling healthcare products and services

Business plan for creating online business expansion selling healthcare products and services Introduction Online advertising is the best modern way to attract, capture and retain customers in a mass market where they will be informed about the availability of the product in the market, the exact locations where it can be purchased, the advantages of using the product, the company policy regarding usage of the product and any other relevant information like company history in terms of provision of competitive products for some period of time, having qualified staff who are ready to assist incase the product turns hazardous and also what first aid procedure to be adopted in such a case.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business plan for creating online business expansion selling healthcare products and services specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Online health care business will help to provide timely cure for ailments and so will contribute towards reducing deaths in the society. Main body Business expansion beg ins by carrying out an analysis which explains whether there is need for expansion, advantages to be derived from the business expansion and also how consumers will benefit from the expansion, thereafter the current financial position of the business will be assessed to determine the actual increase in business as a result of the expansion. This will come along with costs related to the expansion like recruitment of more staff members, acquisition of new equipment and training staff members. A time frame has to be worked out for training or acquiring new staff and educating them about the goals and objectives of the new business. An analysis needs to be made to determine source of capital for expansion and this will begin by doing a budget on cash needs. If need be, capital can be raised for the expansion process and this will be via bank loan, or increasing share capital for shareholders and so they will have to inject more capital (Kotler Keller, 2008). While planning on the onli ne business, the company will carry out a visibility cost analysis, assess the staffing needs to carry out the web designing, maintaining and providing frequent press release, responding to consumer queries, receiving online orders dispatching products purchased and carrying out general administration for the new business.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Web designing will cost around $500, the rest of the staff members will be permanent employees who will earn a monthly allowance, and their key performance indicator will be the number of customers served. Enough investment will be made for machinery which includes computers and laptops which will be used to provide consumer feedback. Proper advertising strategies will have to be put in place to help make consumers aware about the business expansion through various media. This can be done via television, radio adv ertising, preferred magazine pull outs, Google ad word adverts and also though social sites like face book, all this is aimed at increasing the web presence. After this analysis, a good business plan has to be drawn; it will give an account of the current business operations, expected operation after expansion, details of experience and qualifications of staff and also employment status. This will help consumers know more about the company profile so they can decide if they want to create a relationship with the business, also this will help the company to secure financing from banks (Kotler Keller, 2008). The product needs to be viable in order for it to satisfy consumer needs, since viability of the products is what provides a market outlook on the product, how it will be marketed, who the target market is, the purchase locations, and so this provides an analysis on the way consumers will perceive the product or service in terms of how this will satisfy their demands, and help in crease the possibility of using the product again. The company must present the product attractively online, give an account of all the benefits of using the product and this must be followed by a detailed account of the presence of that product for some time and it has been proven to be beneficial to consumers. For instance, if it is an insurance health product, the company should explain the channel of processing claims, how accidents will be reported, how payments will be made and time frame among other attributes which will make people consume the product. Before going online, the company will analyze the product using the BCG model where the product will be classified as a star, a cash cow, a problem child or a dog.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business plan for creating online business expansion selling healthcare products and services specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Once proper analysis has been made, th e company will do a budget analysis to determine the extent of budgeting requirements. If the product is a star, more expenditure has to be incurred to ensure that there is wide market coverage for the product to make sure there will be a long period of consumer usage of the product but if a cash cow, modest expenditure should be incurred since the objective is to get as much revenue as possible from the product before phasing it out of the market. To carry out a proper online expansion, the company must identify potential competitors, which are companies offering similar products or services, after that an assessment will be done to determine the competitors strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. We will take into serious consideration the strengths and opportunities of the competitor, try to see where the competitor is doing very well and how that is made possible so that we can look for ways of making that our opportunity aimed at taking that market share. Online marke ting will help to attract more people to the website, increase customers and enhance brand loyalty, so we will begin by having a web promotion plan which will start with an effective web design and development strategy which must be appealing to consumers and in return will give us good search optimization techniques. Good online marketing goes hand in hand with an efficient email marketing tool where customers can be briefed about new products’ features and any other information worth knowing. We will introduce reseller affiliate programs and associate programs all aimed at getting to refer more clients from the existing ones, build a responsive opt-in email list where consumers will communicate directly to us, publish online web releases, facilitate and run online contests and introduce a blog/online chart where the company staff charts directly with online clients and provide answers to their queries.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order for the company to reach a wide market for its online product sale strategy, we must optimize the online content, we have to ensure the information we have on the website is targeted to consumers, has the right words consumers will be looking for. We must have a clear hierarchy and text links, where every page will be easily accessed by one link, the information on every link should be useful, with a clear and accurate description of the content. We must limit flash files, portable document files and dynamic content since this will reduce our search optimization progress or we employ Meta tags to exclude such content from search engines to increase or ranking (Brigham Daves, 2004). Social media integration has to be put in place, it will be aimed at increasing web presence and takes the form of search engine optimization, allowing other companies to advertise on your site, carrying out email marketing, buy online media space and carry out frequent press releases which deta il the milestones the company is taking to ensure that it offers the best products in the market, and above all, offer the best design of the social sites placed strategically and prominently exposed. Online customer relationship management is the way the company manages its relationship with customers, clients and any other sales force by organizing, automating and synchronizing sales, marketing, customer service and technical support activities, all this aimed at ensuring customers get the satisfaction they deserve, the objective being to retain current customers, entice and acquire new ones, this will reduce marketing costs and customer service level agreement. We shall have dedicated staff who will answer customer questions in real-time, we shall work on an online agents offering live chart with customers, and this will help customers get immediate solutions to any immediate concerns (Eley Tilley, 2009). A proper and secure payment system should be in place which enables custom ers to pay online for products and services and delivery of the products must be real-time as per the information provided by the customer during time of purchase. The product must be tested to make sure quality is guaranteed so as to eliminate cases of customer complaints and consequent shipping back the product. Online business will reach the entire world at the click on the website link so the company must anticipate and expect to make sales to a very wide market, it should strategize to have feedback from potential areas away from home country where purchases are high and so it should plan to have a franchise operating there if this will be economical as opposed to sending the products from home country. The website should have a translation tool which will help customers not able to read English to translate the data to a language of their choice, and adequate measures should be put in place to accommodate different cultures for instance in terms of packaging, advertising might be restricted in certain ways in some cultures (Eley Tilley, 2009). Conclusion Basically, there must be a detailed plan for the expansion/growth of an online healthcare business, which gives the framework of operations, detailed account procedures to be followed and an outline of the expected benefits resulting from the expansion. This is what the company management will look at and assesses the possibility of having the business expanded and therefore try to increase sales though online advertising. The expansion should be carried out in stages since this will give the company room to introduce new online products, give employees time to study and understand the systems and be able to assist clients. References Brigham, E., Daves, P. (2004). Intermediate Financial Management (8th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Eley, B., Tilley, S. (2009). Online marketing inside out. Melbourne: SitePoint. Kotler, P., Keller, K. (2008). Marketing management (13th ed.). Upper Saddle Riv er, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Appendix Appendix A: Projected Costs Projected web development costs = $500 (one off) Projected maintenance costs: Web hosting = $100 Per Year Web search optimization = $100 Per year Maintenance = $200 per year Appendix B. New Website Index International Healthcare and drug seller’s website index A Access drug database Acquire vaccinations for new born children C Customer registrations Consumer feedback D Drug prescriptions N Names of drugs and prescriptions O Online help Online purchase of drugs P Product range Purchase criteria S Staff qualifications T Talk to the doctor on duty

Literature Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Literature Review - Research Paper Example The aim of this paper is to discuss the psychological disorders among the children and adolescents, and the interventions necessary to improve the productivity of the children and teenagers with the disorders. Key words: disorders, psychological and interventions. Psychological Disorders Introduction A psychological disorder is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas or create distress for the people experiencing these symptoms. A mental disorder is a psychological pattern or anomaly, which is reflected in behavior. Mental disorders are defined by combination of how an individual feels, acts, think or perceives. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Report of 2007, over a third of people in most of the countries report problems at some point in their life, which are diagnosed as mental disorders. Child and adolescent mental disorders are common problems experienced by these groups. The disorders can affect the productivity of the c hildren and adolescents just as it has implications on the adults. The aim of this paper is to examine the different types of inventions that that can be put in place to enhance the productivity of the children and adolescents who have the psychological disorders. ... The root causes of mental disorders vary and in many cases they are not known or they are unclear. The people suffering from mental conditions can only access their specialized treatment from mental health professionals. Psychiatric treatment and psychotherapy are the only two major treatments for those suffering from mental disorders. Mental disorders treatments do not really require specialized treatment in terms of offering medicines to the affected people, but actually require psychological treatments. This is where the psychologists or the psychiatrists come in to help these patients. Here, the patients undergo through a therapy session with the psychiatrists, which helps them overcome the conditions they face. In other words, basically, psychiatric treatment and psychotherapy are the most common methods that are used to treat mental related disorders. These types of treatment help a lot in treating these disorders, which are usually very dangerous when not well treated. In fact , if not well treated, they can cause a lot of damage and sometimes even death and so, they should be treated as soon as possible to avoid further damage on the affected person. If the people having these disorders undergo through psychiatry or therapy sessions, they start recovering slowly by slowly, and eventually recover completely. Most studies on mental illness have focused on the psychological disorders in adults. It is just of recent that there has been some focus on the mental illnesses of children and the adolescents. The researchers are now examining the growth and development of children as they try to establish what is normal and what is abnormal. The key goal of the researches is trying to study the childhood development in view to try and predict and

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ASDA Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ASDA Company - Assignment Example The political changes which are currently associated with businesses are based on finding ethical and legal ways to approach those that are requesting trends and changes. The main political agenda is based on fair practices of businesses while ensuring that fair employment, work strategies and structures for high quality products and services are made available. The regulations which are associated with this are based on corporate overhauls that are causing most to be looked at by the federal government and from other ideologies, specifically in association with how one should confront the environment and needs of the time. Most businesses are now being looked at in terms of politics with pressures to change because of government trends with fair business (Wagner, 2011: 1). For ASDAs, the approach has been to make the main statement based on a business that has fair practices and complies with the current trends associated with corporate standards and ethical practices. This main adv antage is one which has been developed by branching out of Wal – Mart which is known for unfair practices. By doing this, there is the ability to create an association with the political trends while making the statement of compliance as a main regulation associated with the federal government. Economic Analysis The second major change that is being noted is with the economic changes and trends which are occurring. This began in the year 2008 with the real estate crash that led several banks into financial distress. The economic crisis continues to cycle with smaller crashes and recoveries that keep taking place. This is leading to job loss, problems with sustainability with demand and supply as well as difficulties with many being able to spend excess money on different options. It is noted that the industrial sector has begun to rise from this problem; however, there are some smaller downfalls that are leading businesses to continue to have smaller problems in terms of economy for employees and with changes in demand by consumers (Reuters, 2011: 1). The approach which ASDA has taken to this is to offer lower prices without other costs. The main initiation is to attract individuals that need flexibility with the economy while making sure that the overall system doesn’t use as many op tions for costs, specifically to save within the internal environment while offering lower prices. Social Trends and Changes The associations with social trends that are now in the market are based on conscious consumption. Most in society are interested in corporate governance and ethics that cause the corporations to be responsible. If this is not withheld, then many will stop using or supporting the business. The concept of social responsibility involves looking at knowledge with the corporate structure and functions of the

Speaker Driver: Comparison of Options

Speaker Driver: Comparison of Options Speaker driver choice is a very important consideration, since the transducers themselves are of course the most fundamental part of the speaker. Regardless of other factors, one can never expect inferior drivers (and hence the system as a whole) to perform well. There are two main options when choosing drivers; electrostatic or conventional voice-coil designs. Although many seem under the impression that electrostatic loudspeakers are a modern invention this is not the case; Janszen was granted the first U.S. patent for such a device in 1953[1]. Considering the relatively small market penetration of electrostatic transducers and the fact that they tend to appear largely in high-end designs, one might be led to assume that electrostatic panels are superior to conventional drivers. This however is only partially true. One advantage of electrostatic panels is that full-range designs are possible, eliminating the need for crossovers and hence the associated problems with frequency and phase response in the crossover band. Another advantage is that the electrostatic panel is generally very light and hence offers excellent transient response, whilst also offering very good directionality and imaging. The latter may also be seen as disadvantage, since it effectively makes the ideal listening position rather narrow. In terms of disadvantages, the chief problem with electrostatic designs is a difficulty in reproducing bass frequencies at high SPLs. Generally the panel excursion is small, which makes it hard for electrostatic transducers to move the required volume of air at low frequencies. Furthermore, since electrostatic transducers are not meant for use with an enclosure, phase cancellation is an issue, again resulting in reduced bass performance. Audiostatic, a company that manufactures audiophile full-range electrostatic speakers, admit of their own devices with regard to bass that â€Å"Obviously because of the limited membrane excursion they wont produce ear shattering levels at that frequency†[2]. As a result of the aforementioned bass performance, many high-end electrostatic speakers are in fact hybrids, using voice-coil woofers for low frequencies with electrostatic panels covering the mid and high range. One example is the Martin Logan Summit[3], which whilst described as â€Å"our most advanced and sophisticated full-range loudspeaker† nevertheless makes use of two 10† woofers for low-end reproduction. Of course in this situation a crossover is still required, so the advantage of the possibility of a full-range design is often nullified in practice. Still, electrostatics may prove very attractive as high quality mid to high frequency drivers, although they are certainly not cheap. In choosing conventional voice-coil drivers, there are many factors to consider. In terms of quality, it is certainly true that one does indeed get what one pays for. Whilst high quality manufacturers such as SEAS[4] are happy to provide detailed frequency response plots and Thiele-Small parameters for their transducers, many cheaper manufacturers are less transparent about their devices. One common trick to beware of, often used by less scrupulous manufacturers, is the quoting of a recommended frequency range without stating the variation in output (in dB) across this range. A recommended operating range without any indication of the actual performance within the frequency band is virtually meaningless. Many assume a  ±3dB range is implied when reading such data; it is unwise to make such assumptions. Furthermore, even if frequency response across a range is qualified with the variation in output in dB, this is still not ideal. Obviously one desires that any variation in output magnitude will be a smooth variation; one still has no idea of how â€Å"lumpy† the response might be. For these reasons it is best to choose drivers that are accompanied by frequency plots, since this gives a far more accurate representation of true performance. Another important consideration in choosing a driver is the application for which it is intended. For example, a woofer with a high maximum cone excursion and low Fs may perform very well in a large sealed cabinet but be totally unsuited to a ported implementation (Dickason, 2000). One can make use of the quoted Thiele-Small parameters to ascertain whether the driver is suitable for its intended purpose. Construction materials also give an indication of how the driver may sound. In terms of woofer and midrange drivers, for example, an aluminium cone may indicate greater bass precision than an otherwise equivalent transducer with a paper cone; softer cones are associated with greater distortion than their stiffer counterparts. However, as Larsen (2003) notes â€Å"cone break-up behaviour and frequency response was shown to be strongly dependant on the Geometrical Stiffness of the Cone†. Hence the geometry of the design may be more important than the material used. Diameter of the driver is also a hugely important factor for woofers, although of minor importance for tweeters. To reproduce bass frequencies at good SPLs, a large volume of air must be moved by the driver. To this end, there is absolutely no way a 6† driver can compete with a 12† driver of similar quality in terms of bass extension; it is simply not physically possible. Power handling is another consideration that must be given thought when choosing a driver; the peak short-term power dissipated by a transducer can easily be double its long-term rating. Naturally for the best performance it is desirable to ensure that the driver is not operating too close to its quoted limits. One should think carefully about how hard the driver is likely to be driven and ensure its power handling is adequate; overdriving a unit at best will result in distortion and at worst may cause irreversible damage. In many cases users overdrive and damage units in an attempt to achieve a higher SPL, particularly in the bass region. If the system requirements are adequately specified and designed for, this should not happen. For the high-budget client, the best solution will either be high-quality voice-coil drivers carefully selected to complement each other, or a hybrid electrostatic implementation. It is difficult to recommend a fully electrostatic solution due to the associated problems with low frequency performance, although for some clients this may be acceptable. For the low-budget client, standard voice-coil drivers are the only solution. The quality of the drivers used will largely be influenced by pricing; one should carefully consider all factors and attempt to find the best solution within budget. Datasheets should be closely scrutinised to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each option before a solution is chosen. In conclusion, notwithstanding the electrostatic debate, driver choice is largely influenced by price and performance. In general, the better specified the driver, the more expensive it is likely to be. If working with a high budget, one is likely to simply choose the best specified drivers. Conversely, with a limited amount of capital, one must make the best compromise that can be reached within budget. Sources Larsen, Peter. (2003). Geometrical Stiffness of Loudspeaker Cones, Loudsoft. Borwick, John. (2001). Loudspeaker and Headphone Handbook, Focal Press. Dickason, V. (1995). The Loudspeaker Design Cookbook, Audio Amateur Publications. Rossing, T. (1990). The Science of Sound, Addison-Wesley. 1 Footnotes [1] United States Patent 2,631,196 [2] http://www.audiostatic.com/faq.html [3] http://www.uk.martinlogan.com/speaker_intro/summit.html [4] http://www.seas.no Effect of Globalisation on Culture: Annotated Bibliography Effect of Globalisation on Culture: Annotated Bibliography John Tomlinson Globalization and Culture John Tomlinson analyses the globalization and the culture relationship, Globalization is in the center of modern culture; cultural practices are in the globalization center.  In John Tomlinson view, globalization and culture could be interpreted as relationship that they complement each other. John Tomlinson thinks that researching Globalization from the fields of political science, economics, sociology and communication to lead the field of culture, cultural practices are designed to reveal the meaning of globalization On globalization, John Tomlinson thinks the point of view from the daily life experience and to analyze the sense of intimacy, uniqueness.  On culture, John Tomlinson reflect on the cultural and political and economic relationship between the practice to clarify the complex cultural purposes, that is what makes life full of meaningful experience. John Tomlinson focused on the Deterritorialization of the concept that deterritorialization of our current globalization and cultural conditions, it exists in everyday experience among the grasp of many aspects of cultural globalization. Globalization fundamentally is the place we live, it makes our cultural practices, cultural identity and cultural experience and the relationship between the occurrences of the transition, it reduces or removes the daily dynamic between cultural and territorial positioning Contact; This culture, the opportunities and pitfalls. So, John Tomlinson called for world unity. Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio, (2000) Extract from Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio, Empire pp.xi-xvi,3-21, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio, hardt criticize the globalization, their bookempire could be considered as the representative of the anti-globalization works. They argue that the globalization is the capitalist production and economic relations have become more autonomous from political controls ,But with the traditional left to some of the different anti-globalization, this book address the global changes in an attempt to put forward in the context of globalization, new practice ideas. Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio books argument can be roughly simplified as follows: Globalization has led to changes in capitalism, the nation-state boundaries disappear, the new Empire has been formed, showing a new form of sovereignty, is composed of many countries and a joint supranational organizations  . Empire does not establish a power center, nor rely on fixed boundaries or barriers. Empire is a decentralized to the regions with the tools of the rule, and gradually  areas into the global expansion of its open and whole. Such an abstract rather than concrete empire how to rule? Finally, Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio called the masses are a utopian construct. Sociology of knowledge that, in the absence of any organized sports, leadership, and the dominant ideology, even if there is no amount of suffering, it will only submit to humiliation.  The authors argue that the masses is the seed of the revolution, they need international links to change the empire, but these people in todays nation-states under the barrier, how could the international links, how to overcome language differences Saskia Sassen (2008), Neither global nor national: novel assemblages of territory,  Authority and rights Columbia University, USA,  Ethics Global Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1 2, 2008, pp. 61 79 Saskia Sassen is the Professor of Sociology, Columbia Universityà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the globalization leads the Unequal distribution of material resources, cultural colonialism and the depletion of non-renewable raw materials, the source of political conflict between North and South. Consequences of this phenomenon, such as global climate change to all social classes and the widening between the poor countries  gap between the rich have led to greater social crisis. Sassen thinks that the world only about 40 nodes in a transnational influence in the city, most of them located in the North Atlantic global subsystem; Globalization and World Cities Study Group believes that the world only 50 World City  , and another 60 to 70 cities to show the world the city part of the evidence Saskia Sassen states that Economic globalization not look at the globalization of capital accumulation, but also the production process of globalization.  If the economic globalization, the globalization of the production process as we see more than just capital, capital is only one aspect of economic globalization, it is another aspect of the globalization of labor, especially in the international movement of labor.  In the process of economic globalization, the cities, especially global cities, a place of convergence of capital and labor, the coordination center of the world economy, and thus become the problem of inequality in the globalization process of strategic intervention  place.  Specifically, how interventions, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, David Harvey, Oxford University Press David Harvey Examine the new liberalism in the past few decades to stir up trouble, and largely reshaped the pattern of international politics, not only for our understanding of the financial crisis, but also for understanding the development of global capitalism. With the new round of financial crisis sweeping the world and impact on all walks of life, people have tried from all aspects, directly or indirectly, to discuss the origin and development of the crisis, including the re-study of world history over the past few decades in the political  and economic theory and practice.  In this context, there is a scholar claim that the capitalist world have long been in crisis for a long time.  People who make this assertion is David â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢ Harvey At the beginning, David Harvey analyze the U.S. war in Iraq, the United States in the implementation of the new Chilean liberal reform, pointed out that neo-liberal reforms, but at outside the United States once again in the experiment, then it could be the sample as their internal reform Of course, we should not forget the teachings of Marx In the past philosophers only interpret the world, but the important thing is to change the world. For understanding the status of our world today and the new liberalism of the context, although this small book may be many areas for improvement, but still occupies an important position. Arjun Appadurai, Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy, 1990 7: 295 Theory Culture Society, DOI: 10.1177/026327690007002017. Arjun Appadurai thinks that disjuncture and difference are normally in the global cultural economy, today, the central issue is the tense relationship between global interaction heterogeneity and cultural homogeneity. Homogenization is globalization and the universal, heterogeneous, that the pursuit of ethnic, indigenous rights and the maintenance of cultural identity.  As mentioned earlier, the key is, homogeneity of the substance at the expense of heterogeneity as the price, The basic efforts are to discuss the disadvantaged and marginalized groups in the cultural status quo from the inequality freed.  From an academic perspective, the demands of cultural heterogeneity consist of the following reasons: First, the cultural standpoint, it has a position of cultural relativism.  The need for different cultures to maintain their autonomy, because whether it is strong or weak culture, are equal in rights, no one culture is superior to other cultures, nature.  Therefore, there is no one culture can be for other cultural legislation, and its own advantages and disadvantages of other cultures for the evaluation criteria.   Thus in Arjun Appadurai thinks that which derived from the resistance of a strong culture means that it is not for the emphasis on their own than any other culture their own special appeal, but in Europe or the male-centered center of power has become a universal rule in the context of intercultural  the pursuit of equal status. Ulrich Beck, the Terrorist Threat: World Risk Society Revisited, 2002 19: 39 Theory Culture Society, DOI: 10.1177/0263276402019004003 the British sociologist Ulrich Beck, with his point of view, representation of contemporary social structures and life patterns generated by the many changes in availability of a second modern the character, and different from the traditional modern / post-modern painting points.   In this book, the second modern and cosmopolitanism, points out the first modern over-development, will turn off the collapse of global market and the nation-state patterns, and will generate reflection type of cultural development.  Cultural development in the reflection type, the modern rational and the Universe would have been a powerful challenge of all; society will also be the inner self to begin conversion.  Peoples cultural experience and experience in space, including the cultivation of various degree of recognition, diversity of life forms of the cross, the Political Action Without Borders, etc., will have a more diversified development. Risk society has the global common foundation, because in the second modernity, whether political, economic or ecological crisis, the risk of the spread is no national boundaries; so modern risk society, must put in the context of globalization down interpretation.  However, Baker on the second modern in the description of the world, the globalization of the past simply is not the same.  In order to interpret more in line with the concept of global development community, and puts forward a cosmopolitan, containing the words all men are brothers, David held Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformation Early in the 20th century, David held and the famous sociologist Anthony Giddens, Professor, who put together the relevant risk society of the concepts and theories Ecological, financial, military, terrorists, biochemical and information, and other risks in our contemporary world in a way there is overwhelming.  To the risk we experience everywhere; we could only make the following three types of reaction: denial, indifference and transformation.  The first approach is largely rooted in modern culture, but it ignored this attitude has denied that the political risks; second approach succumb to the kind of postmodern nihilism which type of argument;  The third approach led to my theory of world risk society issues raised: the future of man and the diversity of the expected consequences with the risk of changes in how the impact and awareness of modern society, survival  conditions and the system? Global default is a rational increase in demand uncertainty.  Caused by industrial society because of the uncertainty does not necessarily lead to confusion or disaster.  Rather, the uncertainty can not be calculated can also a source of creativity, which is a contingency to allow reason and experiment new things.  Thus, the current end of a pervasive sense of the kind of odds Mike Featherstone, Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modernity Mike Featherstone is currently Britains consumer culture theorists.  In this book, consumer culture, as his object of study, reviews the theory of consumer culture Featherstone three main aspects: first by an aesthetic theory of everyday life, this is the theory of consumer culture Featherstone core and foundation.  While the previous practice of daily life and consumption has some research, and creation of daily life for the Featherstone laid the foundation of aesthetic theory, but he did not think life is a tool that strict control of rational consumer space, but also  do not think life is a fragment of a fragmentation.   Featherstone believes that everyday life is consumer spending the main field of practice, and in this field, the emergence of consumer practice of aesthetic tendencies. Featherstone follows the performance of the control and resistance theory. practice in the analysis of consumption during the fight right to speak, on the one hand explains how to control the ideology of everyday life cultural practices of consumers, but also pointed out how consumers the possibility of a boycott., on the whole, daily control of the consumer ideology is growing, but from specific consumer practice, consumers have been symbols of consumer culture transformation and substitution.  Mike Featherstone lamented that some disorder of literature, Michael Gurevitch, Culture, Society and the Media Michael Gurevitch based on the world, from an interdisciplinary and cross-cultural perspective of globalization and democratization of the media between the complex and sometimes mutually reinforcing and sometimes conflicting multi-faceted relationship.   This book proposed a new theory about generalities, but not to provide a description of the micro, but the relevant proposition was different theoretical and historical sort, from which new problems.   firstly discusses the theory of globalization and the globalization of media organizations in the media, marketing, form, movement, effects and management aspects of change, and the media bottom-up globalization process and practice.  Then, the article in English literature of the existing market liberals, liberals in the public domain, and the radical democrats of different concepts of democracy and the spread of globalization and its significance for the different media analysis were reviewed, Finally, the book was put forward, including media ownership diversity, multi-directional flow of the global media in the political and theoretical significance, the Western model and views the adequacy or relevance media for political information than the broader identity  role during the formation of macro issues such as 7, to promote the breadth and depth of study.  The globalization and democratization of media there are complex interactions between the relationships between two, which is far from even a discussion of two books could come to an end.   Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Terhi Rantanen. The Globalization of News   Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Terhi Rantanen research from the social perspective ,and emphasizes the role of government era of globalization, and the Government can play a complementary effect and the market potential to give more attention. Using of statistical methods proved that external risks can not be ignored, but the state is playing an important integral role in providing social security and protection of social justice. Government maintains economic openness and balance between domestic needs of the community as a crucial and irreplaceable role.  The implication is: If the Government is up to the role that globalization will be able to smooth the contrary, this process will be reversed.     Oliver Boyd-Barrett,Terhi find some latest new which find the process of globalization, which in many ways is very different.  For example, todays international financial system from the conclusions of historical research in analysis and interpretation should be applied to contemporary events, there will be quite limited indeed.  But the basic values of the market mechanism and social hundred years did not occur in a large change fundamentally.  Since the markets expansion on a global scale in fact has brought individuals and the income gap between countries and the widening gap of economic welfare, just as happened 80 years ago as; it will be useful to draw lessons from history. How is Hamlet Character Influenced by Greek Philosophy? How is Hamlet Character Influenced by Greek Philosophy? Hamlet, protagonist of Shakespeares tragedy of the same name, is one of the most ambiguous and enigmatic characters of the history of literature. He is a thinker, and extremely philosophical, meditative and suspicious, indeed, he is always pondering about question with no answer. His monologues are very contemporary, because they are about psychological struggles that are still unresolved. His character is strongly influenced by philosophy and, particularly, by Greek philosophy. We can understand that Hamlet was interested in Greek culture by his numerous references to Greek mythology, and by the main topics of his soliloquies: the conflicts between right and wrong, thought and action, life and death, and the importance of the mind and thoughts of an individual. They all refer to important philosophical concepts of Greek philosophy, such as relativism, skepticism and humanism, which are rooted in ancient Greek philosophers thoughts and studies. About the references to Greek mythology, we can observe citations about many characters belonging to myths. Hyperion, Satyr, Niobe, Hercules (Act I, Scene II, 140-153), where Hyperion is a Titan or a byname of Helios, God of the sun; a Satyr is a lecherous creature, half-man and half-goat; Niobe was the Queen of   Thebes, who wept for her dead children even when she was turned to stone; and Hercules is a mythical Greek hero, notorious for his strength. Nemean lion (Act I, Scene IV, 83), which was a vicious monster who lived at Nemea. Priam, Hecuba (Act II, Scene II, 422-459), where Priam was the King of Troy during the Trojan War, and Hecuba was his wife. From this analysis, we can observe that not only was he interested in Greek mythology, but also on Greek literature, indeed, he probably read Homeric poems, Iliad and The Odyssey. Another evidence that Greek philosophy influenced Hamlet is that he often refers to Relativism. For example, when he says to Rosencrantz: there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so (Act II, Scene II, 240), he is referring to the Sophist theory that the truth or justification of moral judgments is not absolute, but relative to the moral standard of some person or group of persons1[1]. Another example is the most iconic monologue of the tragedy: To be, or not to be: that is the question: / Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And by opposing end them?. Hamlet is struggling whether is more noble to kill himself or to continue living though the problems he is facing. We can consider this as a form of moral relativism because, from Hamlets perspective, even something collectively thought as so morally incorrect like suicide can become correct, noble. According to Protagoras , a pre-sophist philosopher, The human being is the measure of all things, of those that are, that they are, and of those that are not, that they are not. By this, Protagoras apparently meant that each individual person is the measure of how things are to that person: things are or are not, to me, according as they appear to me to be or not be. Briefly stated, moral relativism is the view that moral judgments, beliefs about right and wrong, good and bad, not only vary greatly across time and contexts, but that their correctness is dependent on or relative to individual or cultural perspectives and frameworks.2[2] We can also consider the same monologue as an example of skepticism, because Hamlet is fond of pointing out questions that cannot be answered because they concern supernatural and metaphysical matters. Hamlets monologue What a piece of work is a man! / How noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how / express and admirable! in action how like an angel! / in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the / world! is an evidence of another philosophical trend: Humanism. Even if the word Humanism was invented by Latins (Humanitas), we can observe Humanist thoughts in Sophist philosophers, Socrates and Plato. In that period, indeed, the subject of the philosophical speculation changed from transcendental topics, like Gods or the origin of the universe, to the human being. They became interested in human mind and experiences, and related topics such as ethic and ideas. To understand Hamlets tragedy deeply, first we have to understand its historic, religious and philosophical context. From the philosophical point of view, I found evidence of many philosophical trends influences, to both Hamlets character and Shakespeare, but I can state that most of them are related to the most important Greek philosophical trends.

Judging Books By Their Covers :: Essays Papers

Judging Books By Their Covers In every bookstore across America, people are faced with the tough question of what book should be bought. There are millions of books resting on shelves everywhere but what makes a reader pick up a novel to buy and read? Looking at book covers people can get ideas about what type of book is in their hands. Most books grab their audience by the way that they look on the outside. Many different authors and publishers choose famous works of art or use book reviewer’s comments to grab a specific audience for their book. When children are looking for books, they choose a book because of what is on the cover. Parents can view the cover as appropriate for their child. It is the cover that initially grabs the attention. Even as children grow up and begin reading books with few to no pictures, it is still the cover that says what kind of book it is. When I was in the library, I found a book about the history of book jackets. Although most of the information in the small book was unnecessary, I did learn some of the history behind book jackets. Although the people of today look at book covers to get some idea of the contents of the book, back in the eighteen hundreds books had jackets so that the pages would not get dusty or dirty. Some books had covers made of leather but usually these were books, like the Bible, that needed protection. The bookseller put the jacket on before it was placed on the shelf. These dust jackets had no title or writing on them until the middle of the eighteen hundreds. It was not until almost nineteen hundred that authors or publishers designed book covers with illustrations or with the title. This is different from today because most authors give their book’s cover as their trade marks so they can be easily recognized. Usually the artist draws the cover to the author’s liking. The artis t takes the words and changes them to an image suitable for the book. Catcher In The Rye, is a classic example of a book that has its cover as its trademark. The cover of the book is unique with its red background and yellow writing. Both the front and the back of the book are the same with no other writing but the title and the author’s name.

Airline Demand Forecast

STIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY ENAR TUNC, Orhan sIvrIkaya* Okan UNIVERSITY Title: ESTIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY Orhan Sivrikaya*(Candidate Phd. ), OKAN UNIVERSITY Tel: 0-532-4265392 Fax: [0-212-4652299] Email: [email  protected] com Enar Tunc, Professor of Industrial Engineering, OKAN UNIVERSITY Keywords * Domestic Air Transportation, City Pair, Origin and Destination, Demand, Forecast, Gravity Model, Multivariate Regression and Detour Factor. Total Page: 11 AbstractAccuracy in estimating airline market demand is a key element while an airline is planning its short term or long term business plan regardless of its status quo being an incumbent or startup company. Turkish domestic market of air travel industry has been dramatically grown in recent years especially after the deregulation commencing on the renewal of air transportation policy in 2003. However there is not any relevant scientific research in the literature to analyze the determining factors on air travel demand of domestic city pairs in Turkey.A multivariate regression model is generated in order to fit the air travel demand in number of passengers carried. The model is based on aggregate individual market which consists of on-line city pairs. The model is found significantly representative within the experimental data out of the years 2008 and 2009 including the origin and destination pairs for 40 on-line cities. Then, the model is tested by using 2010 figures in order to compare prediction values with actual figures. Accuracy level is found to be encouraging for potential new airports or potential new routes to be evaluated by using the model estimates. . Introduction The deregulation of air transportation market in Turkey in 2003 has started revolutionary changes in the airline industry. New government having the target to increase the portion of air travel out of all modes of local transportation attempted to encourage more airline companies to enter the market and enabl e them to offer more attractive prices by tax cutting specific to the airline sector. Price oriented competition has worked very well to generate significant airline passenger traffic.Low Cost Carriers have contributed to exercise a sustainable two digit growth by stealing passenger traffic from bus transportation as a result of shortening the gap between relative prices. Turkish Airlines as a legacy carrier has responded to structural changes in the market by applying dynamic pricing policy and growth strategy to benefit from economies of scale resulting in increase in productivity. Big changes in airline passenger traffic in Turkey create a challenge to testify any claiming model built to estimate air travel demand. Macroeconomic or demographic changes do not seem to be responsible for whole boost in air travel demand.Competition doubled or tripled available seat capacity on some routes so that it was required a different strategy to generate additional demand to achieve in satisf actory load factor which is a key performance indicator for airline profitability. Airline traffic is most of the time considered as a significant indicator for the performance of the nation’s entire industry since it is highly correlated with the number of business events and interactions with other industries simultaneously. So, it implies that changes in economies may influence airlines traffic indirectly.However, airline specific parameters like ticket price and degrees of competition are also supposed to be main driver for passenger demand besides the macroeconomic factors. The sustainable success of any organization or company is closely related with how well management or decision makers are able to foresee the future and develop appropriate strategies. The objective of this study is to examine the demand size for air transport in Turkey and show its implications for air transport planning. 2. BACKGROUND It has been seen throughout the results of the previous research in the iterature that one of the most important issue to develop a predictive model is to choose the right combination of the variables which represent the determining factors involved in the model. These variables are categorized by two subgroups (Carson et al. 2010): 1. Geo-economics Factors: which consist of geographical characteristics, economical activities, social factor etc. 2. Service Related Factors: which are related to airline dependent factors. The other prominent aspect of model generation is the level of forecast which can be classified by two groups as well; 1.Microscopic Model: Airport specific or city pair specific data is involved such that it refers the total number of incoming and outgoing passengers per particular airport or per city pair. 2. Macroscopic Model: Region or country specific data is involved such that it refers to aggregated number of passengers in a region or country regardless of origin or destination city. Aggregate Individual Market (AIM) foreca st outperforms the aggregate approach since the forecasting power gained by exploiting heterogeneous information across markets dominates the forecasting power lost due to estimation of many coefficients (Carson et al. 2010).Local area information appears to be more relevant in determining local O&D travel than of national information such as gross domestic product (Bhadra 2003). ————————————————- 3. OVERVIEW OF THE determ? nants for air passenger demand ? n turkey Turkey is spread over a wide geographical area and road ways are not adequately constructed for all direction. Hence, air transportation is supposed to have more shares out of total statistics in domestic transportation covering all possible city pairs. While the gap between relative prices is being shortened, more and more people find it affordable to fly.This study is aiming to find out the determining fac tors which are concerned to turn potential demand into air travel passengers. The proposed model is not only to explain actual traffic results but also to estimate potential traffic between cross cities which are not connected directly or to evaluate off-line cities to build new airport. Population, gross domestic product per capita and employment rate are considered as the leading macroeconomic dynamics behind air travel demand as depicted in the Table 1. Average fare has a stimulating effect on airline demand as Brons et al. 2002) pointed out that ticket price is an elastic driver for airline demand generation. There are also specific indicators for a particular city pair traffic representing interactivity between the concerning cities such as distance and number of migrants from each other. The number of bus registered in a city is indicating the volume of bus transportation which is considered to be negatively related with air travel demand. Since number of carriers as a degree of competition contributes to market expansion, it is also embedded in the model expecting a positive relation with air travel demand.Table 1 Commonality in Types of Variables Variable’s Name| Percentage of Occurrence*| GDP| 50. 0 %| GDP per Capita| 35. 7 %| Unemployment Rate| 14. 3 %| Fuel Price| 7. 1 %| Number of Employees| 7. 1 %| Population| 42. 8 %| Average Fare| 57. 1 %| CPI| 14. 3 %| Trade per Capita| 14. 3 %| Exchange Rate| 14. 3 %| Service Frequency| 28. 6 %| Distance| 42. 8 %| Expenditures| 7. 1 %| * The percentages are calculated out of a sample of 14 different relevant articles. Most of the itineraries between city pairs are not directly connected that means air passengers travel with connecting flights via one or more transfer points.If there is no direct service the dummy variable transit gets 1 and 0 otherwise. Naturally, passengers would not prefer to fly with connecting flights so it is anticipated to be negatively affecting air travel demand. 4. ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION data, Methodology and results Data availability is main issue when data coverage is decided. Experimental model is based on the data of the two years 2008 and 2009 since all explanatory variables are available within the specified period. There are 40 on-line destinations in domestic network in Turkey.This number of destinations can theoretically generate 1560 different origin and destinations (O&D’s) on which direct or connecting flights are possible. However experimental sample does not cover data for all possible on-line O&D’s because some city pairs which are at close distance are not meaningful to fly with connecting flights or the concerning flights are not connected each other. There are 231 city pairs which are served with direct flights, whereas the remaining city pairs are found to be flown by connecting flights via an appropriate domestic hub.Under the assumption of approximately the same number of O&D’s for each year, data size will be duplicated for the two year’s period. Airport statistics for all scheduled carriers are used in the experimental model as a source of the dependent variable. Transfer traffic is removed from the statistics for each city pair, since the proposed model is to estimate pure O&D passenger by using data specific to the corresponding city pairs. Average prices for each city pair are estimated by using airlines’ web site. Road distance between the cities is taken from the web site of the General Directorate Highways of Turkey.Population of the cities, GDP per capita of the cities, the number of migrants between the cities, the number of bus registered in the city’s account and labour rate of the cities are obtained from the Bureau of Statistics in Turkey. Weighted average of the corresponding city’s population is used, while GDP per capita and the labour rate are being converted to O&D level. A variety of different models exist for passenger volu me estimation. Since no single model guarantees accuracy, airlines in fact compare forecasts from several different models.Within this set of forecasting methods, the most demand models used are of the simple gravity type formulation. (S. C. Wirasinghe et al. 1998). The gravity model for the estimation of domestic passenger volume between city-pairs is examined in this study. By excluding unavailable service-related or market specific input variables, and using cross-sectional calibration data, the model is particularly applicable to city-pairs where no air service exists, historical data is unavailable, or factors describing the current service level of air transportation are not available.Average price for city-pairs with no air service is estimated by fall back mechanism that it uses the average price which is normalized by distance of the cities having similar market structure. All other explanatory variables are not service related factors and available for the city-pairs with no air service. The gravity model takes the form: D=?. AaBbCc†¦ This model assumes that the marginal effects of each variable on demand are not constant but depend on both the value of the variable and the values of all other variables in the demand function (Aderamo 2010).In other words, the explanatory variables affect demand in multiplicative manner. Partial derivation of any independent variable proves aforementioned relationship. However, this model can be made suitable for multiple regressions by applying logarithmic transformation. Logarithmic form of the gravity model takes the form: LogD=? 0 + ? 1LogA + ? 2LogB + ? 3LogC +†¦ where ? 0=Log? It is obvious that interdependency is resolved in this form so that multiple regression model can be applied. The proposed multiple regression model is generated by using SAS Jmp 9 tool.Table 2 shows the matrix of correlation between the independent variables. The results show that some of the variables are interrelated. For exa mple, Log_Migrant has a correlation coefficient of 0. 8661 and 0. 8150 with Log_Pop* and Log_Bus* respectively. Where both Log_Migrant* and Log_Pop* are calculated by taking the product of population of origin and destination cities. However, omitting any of these two variables would substantially reduce the model fit. As the goal is to obtain a reliable estimation of the passenger volume, all interrelated variables were included (Grosche et al. 007). Furthermore, it has been said that if the sole purpose of regression analysis is prediction or forecasting, then multicollinearity is not a serious problem because the higher R2, the better prediction(R. C. Geary, 1963). In order to verify stepwise regression fit of the model, stepwise process by backward direction and minimum AICc selection is used. When all independent variables as depicted in Table 2 are entered, the smallest AICc value 2665. 913 is found. Adjusted R2 as shown in the Table 3 is 0. 823991 which is fairly good.In the Table 4, adjusted R2’s are compared including the relevant articles in the reference list. This comparison table shows that the studied model efficiency is relatively successful. As shown in the table 5, the F test also shows that the regression is significant since F statistic of 497. 2411 is obviously higher than the critical value of 2. 32 at 0. 01 level of significance. In the table 6, parameter estimates are depicted. As seen in the table, all independent variables are significant at 0. 01 level of two tail significance considering their t-statistics.Since the coefficients of the regression model represent elasticities of the corresponding variables, how change of any variable affects demand estimation can be determined. The price elasticity of passenger demand is approximately -1. 1 which implies that airline passenger demand in Turkey is elastic. This finding is compliant with the fact that after low cost carriers entered into the market by lowering ticket prices, mark et size has been tramendously enlarged. Domestic passenger traffic grows higher than the decreasing rate of ticket price.Both GDP per capita and ticket price seem to have elastic impact on passenger demand estimation. Air transportation and bus transportation seem to be competing each other because of their negative relation. When air service is provided by connecting flight which means transit traffic, air transport demand is decreasing. This result is not surprising because people do prefer to fly directly. Another result is that the number of airlines participating in each O&D market tends to have a positive impact on the number of passengers traveled between O&D pairs, perhaps representing the ffects of choice more than anything else. Lastly, distance and the number of migrants are found positively related with air transport demand as expected. Table 4 Model Efficiency Benchmark| Research Name| Level of Forecast| Author| Year| Independent Variables| Observation| Adjusted R Square| Demand For Air Transport In Nigeria| Aggregate| Adekunle J. Aderamo| 2010| Index of AgricultureIndex of ElectricityGDP| 23| 0. 923| Air Travel Domestic Demand Model in Bangladesh| Aggregate| Md. Jobair Bin Alam Dewan Masud KArim| 1998| PopulationGDPDistance| 31| 0. 8| An Econometric Analysis of Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia| Aggregate| Seraj Y. Abed Abdullah O. Ba-FailSajjad M. Jasimuddin| 2001| PopulationTotal Expenditures| 25| 0. 959| Regression Model for Passenger Demand: A case study of Cairo Airport| Aggregate| Dr. Khaled A. Abbas| 2003| Population GDPForeign Tourist| 88| 0. 82| Demand for Airravel In USA| O&D| Dipasis Bhadra| 2003| Density, Interaction, Distance, Marketshare, Fare| 2424| 0. 57| An Aggregate Demand Model in Hub-and-Spoke| Aggregate| Wenbin WeiMark Hansen| 2006| Frequency, Number of Spokes, Fare, Distance, Capacity, Traffic Type| 897| 0. 92| Gravity Model for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation| City-pairs| Tobias GroscheFranz RothlaufArmin He inzl| 2007| DistancePopulationCatchment Area| 956| 0. 761| The number of migrants indicates the relationship between city-pairs hence it positively affects on point to point air traffic demand. When distance is greater, air transport demand increases due to the fact that people get higher utility comparing to the alternative modes of transportation. In the figure 1, model fit of the experimental data is shown in scatter diagram. There are total 955 observations within experimental data.A test data is obtained from 2010 actual results which consists of 562 observations. The model predicts 2010 figures with a Mape (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value 14. 1 %. Actual data of 2010 is refined by excluding the O&D’s having less than 104 yearly passengers flow and detour factors smaller than 3. Logic of this filtering is to choose meaningful connections out of the all itineraries. Although the model is performing significantly well with a relatively high Rsquare value, small d iscrepancy in prediction value may result in larger inaccuracy in passenger demand estimate because of logarithmic aspect of the regression. . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the proposed econometric estimation and using micro data based on local area information can result in substantial insights to O&D travel. The demand model reveals all the quantitative relationships among the used variables, which is helpful for airlines to understand the consequence of change of their decision variables or adjustment of their routing structures, and also useful for the related authority to quantify the benefits of airport capacity expansion and to take into account while airport building plan is being evaluated.It would be advantageous to extend the time period covered by the analysis. This would enable to examine possible differences in elasticity amongst city-pairs. Extending the data back in time would also provide observations of airfares progress. The model efficiency may be i mproved for even more reliable estimation, if more independent variables indicating bilateral relations between city-pairs are embedded in the model such as the number of call between city-pairs or credit card statistics of domestic visitors. References S. C. Wirasinghe and A. S. Kumarage, An Aggregate Demand Model for Intercity Passenger Travel in Sri Lanka.Transportation 25: 77-98, 1998. R. C. Geary, Some Results about Relations between Stochastic Variables: A Discussion Document, Review of International Statistical Institute, Vol. 31, pp. 163-181, 1963. Richard T. Carson, Tolga Cenesizoglu and Roger Parker. Aggregate Demand for USA Commercial Air Travel. Department of Economics, University of California. 2010. Elton Fernandes and Ricardo Rodrigues Pacheco. Air Transportation Analysis: Passenger Demand in Brazil. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 33. Adakunle J. Aderamo. Demand for Air Transport in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, 1 (1): 23-31 (2010).Md. Jobair Bin Alem and De wan Masud Karim. Air Travel Demand Model For Domestic Air Transportation in Bangladesh. Journal of Civil Engineering The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh Vol. CE 26, No. 1, 1998. Seraj Y. Abed, Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Sajjad M. Jasimuddin. An Econometric Analysis of International Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transport Management 7 (2001) 143-148. Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Seraj Y. Abed. The Determinants of Domestic Air Travel Demand in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transportation World Wide Vol. 5, No. 2 – 2000. Abdullah Omer Ba-Fail.Applying Data Mining Techniques To Forecast Number of Airline Passengers In Saudi Arabia (Domestic and International Travels). Aviation Institute, University of Nabraska at Omaha, 2004. Senanu Ashiabor, Hojong Baik and Antonio Trani. Logit Models For Forecasting Nationwide Intercity Travel Demand in the USA. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2007, Washington, D. C. , pp. 1-12 2007. J. Scott Arm strong and Michael C. Grohman. A Comparative Study of Methods for Long-Range Market Forecasting. Management Science, 19 (2), pp. 211-221 1972. Khaled A. Abbas. Conceptual and Regression Models for Passenger Demand Prediction.Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 26 2003. Dipasis Bhadra. Demand for Air Travel in the United States: Bottom-up Econometric Estimation and Implications for Forecasts by Origin and Destination Pairs. Journal of Air Transportation Vol. 8, No. 2 – 2003. Radosav B. Jovanovic. Generalised Intrinsic Characteristics as a Forecasting Tool: A dynamic perpective. Second International Conference on Research in Air Transportation – Belgrade, June 24–28 2006. Martijn Brons, Eric Pels, Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietveld. Price Elasticities of Demand for Passenger Air Travel. Journal of Air Transport Management 8 pp. 65-175 2002. Dail Umamil Asri and Yoriyasu Sugie. Simultaneous Demand Model for Passenger Travel. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 4, October, 2003. Joyce Dargay and Mark Hanly. The Determinants of the Demand for International Air Travel to and from UK. ESRC Transport Studies Unit, Centre for Transport Studies, University College London, November 2001. Catherine Zhukovskaya. Use of the Generalized Linear Model in Forecasting the Air Passengers’ Conveyances from EU Countries. Computer Modelling and Technologies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 62–72, 2007. Wenbin Wei and Mark Hansen.An Aggregate Demand Model for Air Passenger Traffic in the Hub and Spoke Network. Transportation Research Part A 40 pp. 841–851, 2006. Matthew G. Karlaftis. Demand Forecasting in Regional Airports. Straer 7 pp. 100-111, Tr. 312, 2008. Tobias Grosche, Franz Rothlauf and Armin Heinzl. Gravity Models for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation. Journal of Air Transport Management 13 pp. 175-183, 2007. Chaug-Ing Hsu and Su-Miao Liu. Predicting City-Pair Air Passenger Traffic Using Grey Topological F orecasting Model. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, October, 2003.

Bombs on Japanese Essays

Bombs on Japanese Essays Bombs on Japanese Essay Bombs on Japanese Essay A figure of analyses have been conducted on the bombing action that was carried out in the month of August the twelvemonth 19 40 five by the US on Nipponese metropoliss. This bombardment was really important since it resulted to a really big figure of deceases and farther effects which are still apparent in some people including those caused by radiation. The chief ground as to why this action has attracted a broad scope to philosophical analysis is that ; despite the fact that so many people died from the bombardment. US authorities still keep it that their action was grounded on morality. They argue that they had saved greater harm from ensuing from war and should be thanked instead than condemned. ETHICS ANALYSIS Introduction When Second World War was coming to an terminal. US grew impatient and decided to rush up its stoping. US made usage of atomic bombs to assail Japan which managed to kill a big Nipponese population and injuring a larger figure as good. This action carried out by US has been widely analyzed by philosophers with John Stuart being one of them. John has based his analysis on the bombardment morality which contributes to a deeper apprehension of events that took topographic point. causes every bit good as effects that accompanied the action. He begins with observing that the bombing action was among the most important events that took topographic point during the Second World War. The existent bombardment took topographic point in two topographic points ; one was dropped in Nagasaki while the other bombardment took topographic point in Hiroshima. Two hundred thousand people died instantly the bombardment was carried out while about one hundred and 30 thousand more people lost their lives in a period of five old ages that followed. The subsequent deceases were caused by aftermath effects of bombing including injury and radiation. Further more. about three hundred thousand people are found to endure from bombing effects in several ways including disablement. Daniels ( 2008 pp 37-40 ) Morality of US Bombings on Japan Despite the fact that bombing caused great harm on Japan citizens. American authorities has non taken a minute to apologise for its annihilating actions. On the contrary. Americans led by Harry Truman have opted to warrant their actions giving moral grounds as to why they attacked Japan even after they had lost war. One such case where this has happened is when Truman was composing about the issue in 19 50 eight where he commented that he did non hold any reserves refering the bombardment. These words reached the Japanese in good clip and metropolis council of Hiroshima criticized Truman’s words observing that they signified great befoulment to people affected by the bombardment. Alternatively of worsening his statement. Truman arranged a meeting where he addressed an American imperativeness conference sketching justification for bombardment. He said that Japan tempted the US to move since they had attacked them at the Harbor of Pearl earlier before the bombardment and this was merely a pay back . Truman’s remarks were backed by other Americans who were eager to demo the morality of bombing among them being Paul Fussell. who had a incredulity in war. Paul argued that retaliation from US did non stand for a sensible motivation though it was still America’s motivation when it was destructing Nipponese Empire. Paul besides point out on disbelieve on Americans who regard the 19 40 five bombardment as an action of force that they did non back up since during the existent clip of bombardment. about every American was delighted. The delectation did non merely come from the fact that war period was shortened which saved a great figure of Americans from diing but besides for the ground that Nipponese deserved to be punished for assailing American military personnels at the seaport of Pearl. More grounds. of Americans’ delectation was noted where about 20 three per centum of them suggested on dropping of more bombs on Nipponese. Mearsheimer ( 2001 pp 17-24 )

LSD Psychotherapy essays

LSD Psychotherapy essays The United States Drug Enforcement Agency, the DEA, classifies LSD as Schedule I controlled substance. Schedule I controlled substances are considered the most dangerous drugs in the known pharmacopeia. LSD shares its Schedule I classification with harmful substances like heroin and MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy. Drugs classified as Schedule I substances have no known or no established medical uses but have a high potential for abuse and harm. Therefore, in the interests of public safety the Drug Enforcement Agency strictly prohibits the manufacture and distribution of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide-25). The drug was first synthesized in 1938 and was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the late 1960s. In 1938 a Swiss chemist named Albert Hoffman synthesized over two dozen compounds from ergot, a fungus that grows on rye grass. Hoffman developed ergot-derived alkaloid molecules for therapeutic purposes working for the Sandoz Corporation pharmaceutical laboratory. Grof notes that the ergot alkaloids were studies as drugs that can induce uterine contractions, stop gynecological bleeding, and relieve migraine headache. The 25th in a string of ergot alkaloids was what is commonly known now as LSD. Hoffman accidentally came into contact with the substance. The chemist experienced a profound transformation to his perceptual, cognitive, and emotional states and recorded his experiences in a journal. Grof cites Hoffman, who was seized by a peculiar restlessness, like a a kind of drunkenness... which was characterized by extreme activity of the imagination. The following day Hoffman deliberately ingested 250 micrograms of the same substance in an experimental fashion and experienced a far more intense hallucinatory experience (Grof). Hoffmans phantasmagoric experiences with LSD have been echoed by countless of recreational drug users who have viewed the hallucinogen as anything fro...

Telecommunications in health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Telecommunications in health care - Essay Example ose of this paper is to talk about examples of telecommunication used I the workplace, the advantages and disadvantages of telecommunication, and new developments expected in the sector. An example of telecommunication technology used in the place of work is telephonic nurse case manager. It is used for getting timely and cost effective results by communicating and negotiating with patients, their providers and employers. The claims management process is facilitated using electronic data interface, which downloads case process documents into the patient’s claims management system. The telephonic nurse case manager is beneficial because it enables the patient to receive the appropriate treatment for his or her injuries. It is also beneficial because the patient is able to go back to work as soon as possible: the telephonic nurse case manager has a return to work plan. The use of telecommunication has a lot of advantages (Suter & Johnston, 2011). Hospitals that use telemedicine achieve reduced costs in their operations (Suter & Johnston, 2011). Suter and Johnson describe how learning is easily done through actions compared to listening. Therefore, telemedicine has the benefit of teaching patients how to take care of themselves since they will have learned through actions. Telemedicine increases the number of patients attended to by a physician (Gorman, 2011). This addresses the issue where there are very few physicians attending to the increasing number of patients (Gorman, 2011). There is a two way interactive television with a patient at one end and a physician at the other (Gillette, 2003). This is useful when a patient is not able to travel to the urban area for treatment. The use of telecommunication technology in healthcare has disadvantages when it comes to delivering the required equipment to the patients home (Gillette, 2003). In America, some states do not allow physicians from another state to perform their services to other states (Gillette, 2003).